The snow gauge consists of two parts, a copper catchment container and the funnel shaped gauge itself. The actual gauge is mounted on a pipe outdoors and is approximately 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) high, while the container is 51.5 cm (201/4 in) long.

When snow has fallen the container is removed and replaced with a spare. The snow is then melted, while still in the container, and poured into a glass measuring graduate. While the depth of snow is normally measured in centimetres, the measurement of melted snow (water equivalent) is in millimetres. An estimate of the snow depth can be obtained by multiplying the water equivalent by ten.

The snow gauge suffers from the same problem as that of the rain gauge when conditions are windy. If the wind is strong enough, then the snow may be blown across the wind gauge and the amount of snow fallen will be under-reported. However, due to the shape and size of the funnel this is a minor problem.

If the wind is very strong and a blizzard occurs then extra snow may be blown into the gauge and the amount of snow fallen will be over-reported. In this case the observer must judge how much of the water is from snow blown into the container and how much is fallen snow.

Another problem that occurs, is when both snow and rain fall before the observer has time to change the gauge. In all of these cases the observer must judge how much of the water is snow and how much is rain.

Remote reading gauges, such as used by weather stations, work similarly to rain gauges. They have a large catch area (such as a drum sawn in half, top to bottom) which collects snow until a given weight is collected. When this critical weight is reached, it tips and empties the snow catch. This dumping trips a switch, sending a signal. The collection then repeats. If the catch container has a heater in it, it measures the snow weight accurately. It is also possible to tip based on volume instead of weight, with appropriate fill sensing.

Another snow sensor called a snow pillow looks like a round bag laying on the ground. Inside the pillow is a liquid such as an environmentally safe antifreeze. Usually the snow pillow will be connected to a manometer. The manometer reading will vary based on how much snow is sitting on the pillow. This type of sensor works well for many locations but is more difficult to use in areas of hard blowing snow.

Its slogan is “The tire with two names….the company and the man who built it.”

Avon Rubber plc

In 1997, the tire business of Avon Rubber plc of Melksham in the United Kingdom was sold to Cooper Tire. This left Avon able to concentrate on its core businesses of automotive components, technical products, and protective equipment. The Cooper Tire site remains a major employer in central Melksham.

A1 Grand Prix

Cooper Tire became the official tire of the A1 Grand Prix, dubbed the World Cup of Motorsports, for the series’ initial 2005-2006 season. Cooper is under contract to produce slick tires and treaded rain tires for the series championship for the next two years as well.

Champ Car Atlantic Championship

Cooper Tire will become the official tire of the Champ Car Atlantic Championship beginning in 2007, and the company will also serve as the presenting sponsor of this open-wheel development series.

Drifting Involvement

Cooper is heavily involved in the sport of drifting by supplying tires to several drifters in both the Need for Speed Formula D Drift series and U.S. Drift series.

In the special, Snow Miser controlled cold weather all over Earth; his archnemesis is his half-brother, Heat Miser. Mother Nature was Snow Miser’s (and Heat Miser’s) mother.

Snow Miser was a giant humanoid creature, with the supernatural power to freeze objects at will. Snow Miser lived in a large ice castle, and was attended to by a host of miniature versions of himself. He defended his domain fiercely, yet unlike Heat Miser, was a gregarious, friendly, jocular sort, given to gales of laughter and bad puns about snow and cold weather.

Both Snow and Heat Miser sing a memorable ragtime style song introducing themselves.

In the 2006 NBC live-action remake, he is played by actor Michael McKean.

Collectibles

Action figures based on The Year Without a Santa Claus were produced by Palisades Toys in 2002 and included the Snow Miser, the Heat Miser and their tiny clone-like assistants. The figures are scheduled to be re-released by NECA in late 2006.

Trivia

In the movie Batman and Robin, Mr. Freeze (played by Arnold Schwarzenegger) tries to get his henchmen to learn the Snow Miser’s song. A clip from The Year Without a Santa Claus is shown.

With the direct correlation between classic fairytale ballets and Walt Disney animations, Snow White became an idea many ballet companies have adopted into their own original work, pulling from the Disney animation and Disneyland Snow White musical for guidelines.

Scenes in this ballet vary from company to company as this is not a traditional performance piece.

Scenes

Scenes appearing in most productions of the Snow White ballet include:

• Village scene - traditional opening to many classic ballet productions.
• Palace or Garden - to introduce the queen and huntsman.
• Enchanted Woods - Where Snow White flees the Huntsman, sometimes with dancing trees.
• Forest - Where Snow White meets animals and the dwarfs.
• Wedding - Traditional ending to many classic ballet productions.

Characters

Characters in the Snow White ballet typically mimic those in the Disney production in appearance and costume as that is where most inspiration comes from.

These characters typically include:

• Snow White
• queen
• doctor
• Huntsman
• Seven Dwarfs
• Animals
• Villagers

With the direct correlation between classic fairytale ballets and Walt Disney animations, Snow White became an idea many ballet companies have adopted into their own original work, pulling from the Disney animation and Disneyland Snow White musical for guidelines.

Scenes in this ballet vary from company to company as this is not a traditional performance piece.

Scenes

Scenes appearing in most productions of the Snow White ballet include:

• Village scene - traditional opening to many classic ballet productions.
• Palace or Garden - to introduce the queen and huntsman.
• Enchanted Woods - Where Snow White flees the Huntsman, sometimes with dancing trees.
• Forest - Where Snow White meets animals and the dwarfs.
• Wedding - Traditional ending to many classic ballet productions.

Characters

Characters in the Snow White ballet typically mimic those in the Disney production in appearance and costume as that is where most inspiration comes from.

These characters typically include:

• Snow White
• queen
• doctor
• Huntsman
• Seven Dwarfs
• Animals
• Villagers

Her debut single Yes was released under an indie record label in November 2004. In 2005, she switched labels to Sony Music Entertainment Japan and released Hanabi made Ato Sukoshi (花火まであとすこし - unofficial translation: “A Little Longer Until the Fireworks”) in July. Her third single, Sakasama no Chō (逆さまの蝶 - unofficial translation: “The Inverted Butterfly”), was released on January 25, 2006. Sakasama no Chō was the opening theme of the 2005/2006 anime Jigoku Shoujo (地獄少女), and will be inserted into the movie Humoresque ~Sakasama no Chō~, to be released in February 2006. The opening theme for Jigoku Shōjo’s second season, NightmaRe, was also performed by SNoW, and was released as a single on December 6, 2006.

Albums

初雪(Hatsuyuki) - January 23, 2007

External links

Official websites in Japanese:

• SNoW Official Site
• SNoW - www.sonymusic.co.jp
• Humoresque

Technique

The creation of the snow angel is a simple process. The first step is to find an undisturbed plane of snow. The next step is to lie supine, spread-eagled in the center of the snow. The limbs are then swept back and forth, creating a trough through the snow. When it is finished, the snow angel should have the appearance of an angel, the movement of the arms having formed wings, and that of the legs having formed a gown.

Current world record

On March 28, 2007, Guinness World Records confirmed that North Dakota holds the world record for the most snow angels made simultaneously in one place. The record breaking event occurred February 17, 2007 when 8,962 snow angels were created by people waving their arms while lying in the snow covering the state Capitol grounds in Bismarck.Bismarck world record information

Previously, the record was held by Michigan Tech University with 3,784 students, locals, and alumni making snow angels on the school football field.Michigan Tech world record information

Background

The phrase originated in a comment by British Rail’s Director of Operations Terry Worrall on 11 February 1991 that “we are having particular problems with the type of snow”. The cold snap had been forecast and British Rail had claimed to be ready for the coming snow. However, the snow was unusually soft and powdery, finding its way into electrical systems and causing short circuits and traction motor damage. For traction motors with integral cooling fans and air intakes pointing downwards—the type that is still common on British electric multiple units—the problem was made worse as the air intakes sucked up the loose snow. In addition, low temperatures resulted in problems with pick-up from the third rail and caused sliding doors and couplings to freeze.

Many electric services had to be substituted with diesel haulage and emergency timetables were introduced. Long delays were commonplace—up to eight hours in some cases.

Ironically, the snow was not deep enough for snowploughs or snow blowers to be effective.

Tire manufacture

It runs three manufacturing facilities in South Korea and three in China. Kumho Tire exports tires from Korea and China worldwide and has a global network of sales organizations. It has three centers for research and development, with the largest in Gwangju, South Korea. The others are in Akron, Ohio, USA and Birmingham, UK, and service the US and European tire markets respectively. The company manufactures a full range of tires under the Kumho and Marshal brands.

While in high school, Cooper was a member of the Leary Family Singers.

Recorded for Rich-R-Tone, Hickory Records, Decca, and Columbia Records.

External links

• AMG [[1]]

The term may also be applied to a row of any other material such as snow[1]. In the case of snow, windrows are created by snow plows as they plow streets. The windrow may block driveways. Some municipalities have windrow removal service where a smaller plow goes to each individual driveway to clear the windrow. Most cities simply make the home owner clear the windrow to their own driveway.
A few cities will plow the windrow to the center of the street, blow the snow into trucks, and haul it away. Windrows made of snow are also called berms or more commonly, snow banks.

A windrow can also be the build-up of material on the edge of newly graded earthworks and dirt roads, or it can be a heap of road-building material laid down by a dump truck for collection by a paving machine.

Windrows of seaweed etc also form on the surface of lakes or seas due to cylindrical Langmuir circulation just under the surface caused by the action of the wind.

Windrows are often used in large scale vermicomposting systems.

Track listing

1. Mud on the Tires - 3:28 (Brad Paisley/Chris DuBois)
2. Celebrity - 3:43 (Paisley)
3. Ain’t Nothin’ Like - 3:35 (Don Sampson/Wynn Varble)
4. Little Moments - 3:39 (Paisley/DuBois)
5. That’s Love - 4:43 (Paisley/DuBois/Chris Lovelace)
6. Somebody Knows You Now - 3:42 (Paisley)
7. Famous People - 4:10 (DuBois/Chris Wallin)
8. Hold Me in Your Arms (And Let Me Fall) - 4:24 (Paisley/DuBois/Lovelace)
9. Whiskey Lullaby (feat. Alison Krauss) - 4:19 (Bill Anderson/Jon Randall)
10. The Best Thing That I Had Goin’ - 4:08 (Jerry Salley/Chris Stapleton)
11. The Cigar Song - 3:37 (Paisley)
12. Make a Mistake - 1:33 (Paisley)
13. Make a Mistake with Me (instrumental) - 3:15 (Paisley)
14. Is It Raining At Your House - 4:01 (Hank Cochran/Dean Dillon/Vern Gosdin)
15. Spaghetti Western Swing (instrumental) (feat. Redd Volkaert) - 4:32 (Paisley/Kevin Grantt/Rogers)
16. Farther Along - 5:23 (Paisley/Traditional)
17. Kung Pao (hidden track) (feat. the Kung Pao Buckaroos) - 1:00

History

The Snow Foundation is a response to the long association the Snow family has had with the Canberra region, dating back to 1926 when E.R. Snow, the founders’ grandfather, came to Canberra to establish the Capital’s first general store.

The Foundation is the creation of brothers Terry and George Snow who set it up in 1990 with the aim of helping those individuals and organisations that freely gave their time to help the less fortunate live fulfilling lives.Starting with an initial contribution of $1 million, the Foundation has provided financial help to a diverse range of organisations throughout Canberra and the surrounding region.

In 1997 Terry added a further $500,000 to the Foundation, and in 2005 added a further $1 million to enable it to maintain and set up further activities. Since then, he has given substantive donations to the Foundation, meaning the capital value of the Foundation exceeded $3 million in 1997.

In the 15 years since it was established, The Snow Foundation has reached out to help more than 80 different organisations and individuals. The Foundation does not give ‘blanket’ donations but help with the funding of a specific program/treatment/equipment.

Siping is a process of cutting thin slits across a rubber surface to improve traction in wet or icy conditions.

Siping was invented and patented by John Sipe in the 1920s. Sipe worked in a slaughterhouse and grew tired of slipping on the wet floors. He found that cutting slits in the tread on the bottoms of his shoes provided better traction than the uncut tread.

The process was not applied to vehicle tires on a large scale until the 1950s, when superior tread compounds were developed that could stand up to the siping process. On roads covered with snow, ice, mud, and water, sipes usually increase traction. A US patent to Goodyear claimed sipes improve tire traction as well, and tend to close completely in the tire “footprint” on the road. A 1978 study by the US National Safety Council found siping improved stopping distances by 22 percent, breakaway traction by 65 percent, and rolling traction by 28 percent on glare ice[1].

Tire tread block shapes, groove configurations, and sipes affect tire noise pattern and traction characteristics. Typically, wide, straight grooves have a low noise level and good water removal. More lateral grooves usually increase traction. Sipes are small grooves that are cut across larger tread elements. Up to a point, more sipes give more traction in snow or mud.

As is often the case, there are compromises. Winter tires, and “mud and snow” tires, may have thousands of sipes and give good traction. But, they may feel “squirmy” on a warm, dry road. Treadless racing “slicks” on dry roads give maximum traction. These have no sipes, no grooves, and no tread blocks. They also have very poor traction on wet surfaces. Tire manufacturers use different tread rubber compounds and tread designs for different tires’ usages.

Large sipes are usually built into the tread during manufacturing. Sipes may also be cut into the tread at a later date, called “microsiping”. Bandag developed a machine for microsiping which places a curved knife blade at a slight angle on a rotating drum. The drum is placed so when it is pressed against the tread the tire is pressed into an exaggerated hollow, as if driving down a rail. The drum is lubricated and rotated and the knife makes a series of diagonal cuts across the tread. For improved traction, the tire may be siped twice, leaving diamond-shaped blocks. A significant problem with field siping is that the tread picks up rocks, glass, and other hard road debris in use, and even with thorough cleaning the knife service life is often poor.

Microsiping can dramatically improve tire traction in rain and snow. However, microsiped tires may also have increased road noise and tire wear when operated on dry surfaces.

In Massachusetts in the 1970’s, it was legal to operate a school bus with bald tires, provided they were double microsiped.

Both Bridgestone and Michelin sell snow tires that are siped at the factory, while Saf-Tee Siping and Grooving sells machines that can sipe most standard vehicle tires. Siping can also be done by hand. Be aware that siping the tires can void the manufacturer’s warranty.

Track listing

1. Mud on the Tires - 3:28 (Brad Paisley/Chris DuBois)
2. Celebrity - 3:43 (Paisley)
3. Ain’t Nothin’ Like - 3:35 (Don Sampson/Wynn Varble)
4. Little Moments - 3:39 (Paisley/DuBois)
5. That’s Love - 4:43 (Paisley/DuBois/Chris Lovelace)
6. Somebody Knows You Now - 3:42 (Paisley)
7. Famous People - 4:10 (DuBois/Chris Wallin)
8. Hold Me in Your Arms (And Let Me Fall) - 4:24 (Paisley/DuBois/Lovelace)
9. Whiskey Lullaby (feat. Alison Krauss) - 4:19 (Bill Anderson/Jon Randall)
10. The Best Thing That I Had Goin’ - 4:08 (Jerry Salley/Chris Stapleton)
11. The Cigar Song - 3:37 (Paisley)
12. Make a Mistake - 1:33 (Paisley)
13. Make a Mistake with Me (instrumental) - 3:15 (Paisley)
14. Is It Raining At Your House - 4:01 (Hank Cochran/Dean Dillon/Vern Gosdin)
15. Spaghetti Western Swing (instrumental) (feat. Redd Volkaert) - 4:32 (Paisley/Kevin Grantt/Rogers)
16. Farther Along - 5:23 (Paisley/Traditional)
17. Kung Pao (hidden track) (feat. the Kung Pao Buckaroos) - 1:00

He is brother-in-law of actress Tyne Daly and actor Tim Daly.

Snow graduated from the Juilliard School in New York City. He was a co-founder of the New York Rock & Roll Ensemble.

One of his most famous compositions is the theme music for sci-fi show The X-Files, which reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart, but Snow also wrote the music for Chris Carter’s Millennium, and the background music scores for both shows, a total of 12 seasons’ worth. The X-Files typically used more instrumental music score than most hour-long dramas.

He also composes the scoring for Smallville. He has even composed music for video games, such as Syphon Filter: Dark Mirror and Giants: Citizen Kabuto.

He has been nominated for 12 Emmy Awards and won 18 ASCAP awards.

For fun, or for winter camping and survival purposes, it is possible to construct a simple snow shelter (called a quinzhee in some areas) by creating a large pile of snow and excavating the inside. The snow need not be of the same quality as required for an igloo, and the construction is more forgiving. Such shelters are usually not as sturdy and permanent as proper igloos. After the snow is piled up it needs to be compacted for instance by patting the pile with hands or a spade, since a fresh pile of snow may not be stable.

Before excavating one can put sticks in the roof and wall approximately 10 in (25 cm) deep to be used as a guide when digging out the interior. A trick to building a snowhouse much faster and with less labor is to first make a pile of cardboard boxes and then cover the box pile with snow. Then cut open the door and pull out the boxes. This means one needs to use much less snow or can build a much bigger snowhouse.

To make the snowhouse more robust, one should pour water over it after cutting the door. This makes it harder and sturdier; furthermore its slipperiness discourages anyone from climbing on top of it. People climbing on the house are the primary reason why snowhouses collapse, a collapsing snowhouse can be very dangerous if someone gets caught inside. Just as in an avalanche the weight of the snow often makes it impossible to dig oneself free. Suffocation may occur if the occupants are not rescued quickly enough.

According to the Royal Horticultural Society, the current preference in taxonomy (more accurate name) for this plant is Chionodoxa forbesii.

Methodology

The wear on tires that are being tested (”candidate tires”) is compared to the wear of Course Monitoring Tires (CMT), which are sold by the NHTSA at its UTQG test facility in San Angelo, Texas. Both types of tires are mounted on vehicles that will be driven in a convoy during the test, thus ensuring that the candidate tires and the CMT tires experience the same road conditions. The convoy, typically one of four or fewer vehicles, will drive 7200 miles on public roads in West Texas. Candidate tire wear will be checked during and after the test, and compared to the wear on the CMT tires from the same convoy.

The first CMTs were commercially-available Goodyear Custom Steelguards, and Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company produced all CMT tires from 1975 until 1984. From 1984 to 1991, the CMT tires were produced by Uniroyal. CMT tires are now “specially designed and built to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard E1136 to have particularly narrow limits of variability.” 1.

Treadwear Grade Number

The treadwear grade describes how long the tire manufacturer expects the tire to last. A Course Monitoring Tire (the standard tire that a test tire will be compared to) has a rating of “100″. If a manufacturer assigns a treadwear rating of 200 to a new tire, they are indicating that they expect the new tire to have a useful lifespan that is 200% of the life of a Course Monitoring Tire.

Limitations

The DOT does not test tires. It depends on manufacturers to test their own tires and report the results. Unfortunately, this system has made treadwear ratings far less useful than the DOT had originally intended because tire manufacturers are able to use the treadwear grade as a marketing tool.

It is legal and permissible for a manufacturer to give their tire a 240 rating when their competitor’s equivalent tire has a 220 rating; thus creating the false impression that the 240 tire is a better purchase because it will last longer. This tendency to inflate treadwear numbers has become so common that some manufacturers may report that ALL their tires have above average treadwear grades. Some are taking normal tires and reporting a treadwear of 600 or more, or giving a 220 rating to maximum performance tires with a reputation for poor tire life (e.g. the Goodyear Eagle F1 Supercar EMT).

TreadWear Grade

Below 200=15% of Tires

201 - 300=25% of Tires

301 - 400=32% of Tires

401 - 500=20% of Tires

501 - 600=6% of Tires

above 600=2% of Tires

Source: safercars.gov

Trends

In general, manufacturers tend to overstate the treadwear of their tires in an effort to create the impression that their tires last a long time. The exception to this is in competition racing tires, which customers expect to have very soft rubber compounds and very short lifespans. Manufacturers tend to give their race tires low treadwear numbers (often zero) to emphasize how soft and sticky their rubber is.

Uses

The ability of manufacturers to report their own numbers makes comparison of treadwear ratings between companies useless. Ratings may still be useful within a manufacturer’s own line of tires. For example, a customer can reasonably assume that the higher treadwear rating on a Dunlop SP 60 means it will last longer than the Dunlop SP Sport.

Most owner’s manuals recommend checking tire “gauge” pressure (cold inflation pressure) at least once a week at vehicle start but most owners only check their tire pressure when they realize that their tire is nearly flat, which can negatively affect ride quality, fuel consumption and car safety.

Environmental conditions can introduce a 13% to 15% variability in pressure due to temperature (0 °C to 40 °C), and additional changes can result due to altitude. Most car owner manuals do not state rated pressure as a function of temperature or altitude and leave it to the user to make appropriate measurements.

Since tires are rated for specific loads at certain pressure, it is important to keep the pressure of the tire at the optimal amount. Tires are rated for their optimal pressure when cold, meaning before the tire has been driven on for the day and allowed to heat up, which ultimately changes the internal pressure of the tire due to the expansion of gasses. The accuracy of a typical mechanical gauge as shown is +/- 3 PSI. Higher accuracy gauges with +/- 1 PSI accuracy can also be obtained.

Built in tire pressure sensors

Many modern cars such as the Cadillac SRX and Jeep Liberty now come with built in tire pressure sensors that allow all four tire pressures to be read simultaneously from inside the car.

As of 2005, most on-board TPMS utilized indirect pressure monitoring. The anti-lock brake sensors detect one tire pulling more than the rest and indicate a low tire pressure to the driver.

Regulations on tire pressure

By September 2007 all new automobiles below 10,000 pounds sold in the United States will be required to incorporate a direct pressure measurement for each tire. The driver must be notified if any tire is underflated by 25% or more than the rated placard[1] tire pressure.

Snow fences are also used in avalanche control.

A typical style of temporary snow fence seen in North America today is often one of two varieties: orange plastic attached to stakes at regular intervals or a cedar or other lightweight woodstrip and wire fence, also attached to metal stakes. A permanent snow fence is generally of larger wooden poles set deeply into the ground with large wooden planks running vertically across them. A permanent snow fence is built when a roadway is subject to predictable snow and wind patterns each winter, usually in mountain passes.

The drifting of snow behind a fence follows the laws of physics as the pressure on the downwind side is less than that on the windward side, allowing light materials such as snow or leaves to settle there.

Campbell, E. (March 1975). Snowdrift Structures. Avalanche Protection in Switzerland (pp. 103-116). Fort Collins CO: General Technical Report RM-9, USDA-Forest Service.

Mears, A.I. (1992). Avalanche Structural Protection in: Snow - Avalanche Hazard Analysis for Land - Use Planning and Engineering. Denver CO: Colorado Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, Bulletin 49.

Her debut single Yes was released under an indie record label in November 2004. In 2005, she switched labels to Sony Music Entertainment Japan and released Hanabi made Ato Sukoshi (花火まであとすこし - unofficial translation: “A Little Longer Until the Fireworks”) in July. Her third single, Sakasama no Chō (逆さまの蝶 - unofficial translation: “The Inverted Butterfly”), was released on January 25, 2006. Sakasama no Chō was the opening theme of the 2005/2006 anime Jigoku Shoujo (地獄少女), and will be inserted into the movie Humoresque ~Sakasama no Chō~, to be released in February 2006. The opening theme for Jigoku Shōjo’s second season, NightmaRe, was also performed by SNoW, and was released as a single on December 6, 2006.

Albums

初雪(Hatsuyuki) - January 23, 2007

External links

Official websites in Japanese:

• SNoW Official Site
• SNoW - www.sonymusic.co.jp
• Humoresque