Snow fence
A snow fence is a structure used to force drifting of snow to occur in a predictable place, rather than in a more natural method. Snow fences are primarily employed to minimize the amount of snow drifting onto roadways. In rural areas, farmers and ranchers may use temporary snow fences to create large drifts in basins for a ready supply of water in the spring.
Snow fences are also used in avalanche control.
A typical style of temporary snow fence seen in North America today is often one of two varieties: orange plastic attached to stakes at regular intervals or a cedar or other lightweight woodstrip and wire fence, also attached to metal stakes. A permanent snow fence is generally of larger wooden poles set deeply into the ground with large wooden planks running vertically across them. A permanent snow fence is built when a roadway is subject to predictable snow and wind patterns each winter, usually in mountain passes.
The drifting of snow behind a fence follows the laws of physics as the pressure on the downwind side is less than that on the windward side, allowing light materials such as snow or leaves to settle there.
Campbell, E. (March 1975). Snowdrift Structures. Avalanche Protection in Switzerland (pp. 103-116). Fort Collins CO: General Technical Report RM-9, USDA-Forest Service.
Mears, A.I. (1992). Avalanche Structural Protection in: Snow - Avalanche Hazard Analysis for Land - Use Planning and Engineering. Denver CO: Colorado Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, Bulletin 49.
Snow Queen
Snow Queen may refer to:
- The Snow Queen, a fairy tale written by Hans Christian Andersen
- The Snow Queen, a 1957 animated film based on the Hans Christian Andersen fairytale
- The Snow Queen, a science fiction novel by Joan D. Vinge
- The Snow Queen, an hour-long 1985 Faerie Tale Theatre episode based on the fairytale, starring Melissa Gilbert
- Snow Queen, a 2002 fantasy film based on the fairytale, starring Bridget Fonda
- The Snow Queen, a 2005 BBC TV-movie.
- Snow Queen, a vodka made in Khazakstan
Tire rotation
Tire rotation or rotating tires is the practice of moving automobile tires from one wheel to another to ensure even tire wear. Tire wear is uneven for any number of reasons. Even tire wear is desirable to maintain consistent performance in the vehicle.
By design, the weight on the front and rear axles differs which causes uneven wear. With the majority of cars being front-engine cars, the front axle typically has more of the weight. For rear wheel drive vehicles, the weight distribution between front and back approaches 50:50. Front wheel drive vehicles also have the
differential in front, adding to the weight with a typical weight distribution of no better than 60:40. This means, all else being equal, the front tires wear out at almost twice the rate of the rear wheels, especially when factoring the additional stress that braking puts on the front tires. Thus, tire rotation needs to occur more frequently for front-wheel drive vehicles.
Turning the vehicle will cause uneven tire wear. The outside, front tire is worn disproportionately. Cloverleaf interchanges and parking ramps turn right in right hand drive countries, causing the left front tire to be worn faster than the right front. Furthermore, right turns are tighter than left turns, also causing more tire wear. Conversely the sidewalls on the right tire tends to be bumped and rubbed against the curb while parking the vehicle, causing asymmetric sidewall wear. The symmetric opposite occurs in countries that drive on the left.
In addition, mechanical problems in the vehicle may cause uneven tire wear. The wheels need to be aligned with each other and the vehicle. The wheel that is out of alignment will tend to be dragged along by the other wheels, causing uneven wear in that tire. If the alignment is such that the vehicle tends to turn, the driver will correct by steering against the tendency. In effect the vehicle is constantly turning, causing uneven tire wear. Also, if a tire is under or over-inflated, it will wear differently than the other tires on the vehicle. Rotating will not help in this case and the inflation needs to be corrected.
Manufacturers will recommend tire rotation frequency and pattern. Depending on the specifics of the vehicle tire rotation may be recommended every 12,000 km (7,500 mi). The rotation pattern is typically moving the back wheels to the front and the front to the back but crossing them when moving to the back. If the tires are unidirectional, the rotation can only be rotated front to back on the same side of the vehicle to preserve the rotational direction of the tires. Most unidirectional tires can be moved from side to side if they are remounted; tires with asymmetric rims are a rare exception. More complex rotation patterns are required if the vehicle has a full-size spare tire that is part of the rotation or if there are snow tires.
Current thinking stresses the desirability of keeping the best tires on the rear wheels of the vehicle, whether it is front or rear drive. The reason for this is that if the rear wheels lose grip before the front ones, an oversteer condition will occur, which is harder to control than the corresponding understeer which will happen if a front wheel is lost. This is also the case if a tire blows out, so the intuitive belief that the front steering/driving tires need to be the best quality is not actually the case.
In rare cases, automobile manufacturers may recommend performing no tire rotation at all (eg BMW MINI).
F. S. Ashley-Cooper
Frederick Samuel Ashley-Cooper (born c. 22 March 1877 in Bermondsey, London; died 31 January 1932 in Milford, near Godalming, Sussex) was a cricket historian and statistician.
His most notable works were:
- Cricket Magazine (1900) reproducing notices of known matches played 1742 to 1751;
- Sussex Cricket and Cricketers (1901);
- Curiosities of First-Class Cricket 1730-1901 (1901);
- The Hambledon Cricket Chronicle 1772-1796 (1924);
- Kent Cricket Matches 1719-1880 (1929)
Windrow
A windrow is a row of cut hay or small grain crop. It is allowed to dry before being baled, combined, or rolled. For hay, the windrow is often formed by a hay rake, which rakes hay that has been cut by a mower into a row. For small grain crops which are to be harvested, the windrow is formed by swather which both cuts the crop and forms the windrow.
The term may also be applied to a row of any other material such as snow[1]. In the case of snow, windrows are created by snow plows as they plow streets. The windrow may block driveways. Some municipalities have windrow removal service where a smaller plow goes to each individual driveway to clear the windrow. Most cities simply make the home owner clear the windrow to their own driveway.
A few cities will plow the windrow to the center of the street, blow the snow into trucks, and haul it away. Windrows made of snow are also called berms or more commonly, snow banks.
A windrow can also be the build-up of material on the edge of newly graded earthworks and dirt roads, or it can be a heap of road-building material laid down by a dump truck for collection by a paving machine.
Windrows of seaweed etc also form on the surface of lakes or seas due to cylindrical Langmuir circulation just under the surface caused by the action of the wind.
Windrows are often used in large scale vermicomposting systems.
Snow line
The snow line is the point above which, or poleward of which, snow and ice cover the ground throughout the year.
The interplay of altitude and latitude affect the precise placement of the snow line at a particular location. At or near the equator, it is typically situated at approximately 4,500 meters (or about 15,000 feet) above sea level. As one moves towards the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, the parameter at first increases: in the Himalayas the permanent snow line can be as high as 5,700 metres (18,700 feet). Beyond the Tropics the snow line becomes progressively lower as the latitude increases, falling all the way to sea level itself near the poles.
In addition, the relative location of a mountain to the nearest coastline can be a factor in how high the snow line would be; a peak near a coast — especially the west coast — of a continent might have a lower snow line than one of the same height and at the same latitude situated in a landmass interior, because the average summer temperature of the surrounding lowlands would be warmer in the latter spot than in the former, thus making a higher altitude necessary to keep the snow from melting in the summer.
Windrow
A windrow is a row of cut hay or small grain crop. It is allowed to dry before being baled, combined, or rolled. For hay, the windrow is often formed by a hay rake, which rakes hay that has been cut by a mower into a row. For small grain crops which are to be harvested, the windrow is formed by swather which both cuts the crop and forms the windrow.
The term may also be applied to a row of any other material such as snow[1]. In the case of snow, windrows are created by snow plows as they plow streets. The windrow may block driveways. Some municipalities have windrow removal service where a smaller plow goes to each individual driveway to clear the windrow. Most cities simply make the home owner clear the windrow to their own driveway.
A few cities will plow the windrow to the center of the street, blow the snow into trucks, and haul it away. Windrows made of snow are also called berms or more commonly, snow banks.
A windrow can also be the build-up of material on the edge of newly graded earthworks and dirt roads, or it can be a heap of road-building material laid down by a dump truck for collection by a paving machine.
Windrows of seaweed etc also form on the surface of lakes or seas due to cylindrical Langmuir circulation just under the surface caused by the action of the wind.
Windrows are often used in large scale vermicomposting systems.
Signal to Snow Ratio
Signal to Snow Ratio is an EP released by the band Grandaddy in 1999. It is included in the 2CD-edition of their album The Sophtware Slump.
- “Hand Crank Transmitter”
- “Jed E 3’s Poem”
- “MGM Grand”
- “Protected from the Rain”
Red Snow
- This article is about the nuclear weapon Red Snow. Red snow is also a type of snow algae.
Red Snow was a British thermonuclear weapon. Its physics package was apparently similar, if not identical, to that of the United States W28 nuclear warhead used in the B28 nuclear bomb and AGM-28 Hound Dog missile, with an explosive yield of approximately 1 megaton.
The Red Snow warhead was developed after a September 1958 decision to adopt the US warhead for British use, following the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement. It entered service in 1961, remaining in use until 1972, when it was replaced by the WE.177 bomb. Perhaps 150 were produced.
Red Snow was used as both a free-fall bomb and as the warhead of the Blue Steel missile. In the gravity bomb role, it was fitted into the casing of the Yellow Sun weapon, even though the Red Snow warhead was considerably smaller than that of the original Yellow Sun bomb.
Cooper Tire & Rubber Company
Cooper Tire & Rubber Company is a United States based global company that specializes in the design, manufacture, marketing and sales of passenger car, light truck, medium truck tires and subsidiaries that specialize in motorcycle and racing tires, as well as tread rubber and related equipment for the retread industry. With headquarters in Findlay, Ohio, Cooper Tire has 59 manufacturing, sales, distribution, technical and design facilities within its family of companies located around the world. Cooper also owns the Avon Tyres brand, mostly used to produce tires for racing.
Its slogan is “The tire with two names….the company and the man who built it.”
Avon Rubber plc In
Cooper Tire became the official tire of the A1 Grand Prix, dubbed the World Cup of Motorsports, for the series’ initial 2005-2006 season. Cooper is under contract to produce slick tires and treaded rain tires for the series championship for the next two years as well.
Champ Car Atlantic Championship
Cooper Tire will become the official tire of the Champ Car Atlantic Championship beginning in 2007, and the company will also serve as the presenting sponsor of this open-wheel development series.
Cooper is heavily involved in the sport of drifting by supplying tires to several drifters in both the Need for Speed Formula D Drift series and U.S. Drift series.
